The Influence of Locke and Hobbes on Government - 1735 Words

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke have authored two works that have had a significant impact on political philosophy. In the â€Å"Leviathan† by Hobbes and â€Å"Two Treatises of Government† by Locke, the primary focus was to analyze human nature to determine the most suitable type of government for humankind. They will have confounding results. Hobbes concluded that an unlimited sovereign is the only option, and would offer the most for the people, while for Locke such an idea was without merit. He believed that the government should be limited, ruling under the law, with divided powers, and with continued support from its citizens. With this paper I will argue that Locke had a more realistic approach to identifying the human characteristics that†¦show more content†¦This absolute Sovereign will gain power when the citizens have given up the entirety of their rights to this new authority and agreeing to a covenant. This is considered a rational action, and is the o nly option for the body of people to smoothly come together. When that happens, an organized society forms, in which the consequences of not adhering to the rules and regulations of the covenant will be so severe, that no one would attempt to violate this contract and disobey the Sovereign. That can happen since first, the Sovereign has deadly force and is permitted to use it whenever he or she likes, and, second, the citizens have parted away with all their rights, and cannot protect themselves from this Sovereign. That fact creates a fearful, and therefore, obedient society. This limitless Sovereign is justified, based on information from the â€Å"Leviathan.† As we can infer from Hobbes’ views on human nature, people will always act selfishly and in an evil manner to obtain the things that they want. As a result, for people to contract into a peaceful society that will have what they want and need readily available, they must be bound by force. If this distrustful group of people had an inclination that the governing authority was weak, they would overturn it, fatefully returning them to the state of nature. Additionally, this absolute monarchy is considered warranted, according toShow MoreRelatedTwo Sided Coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages Two-sided coin: Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke There are always two-sides everything including people and the government, kind of like science vs. faith view. With Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, they give the impression to be on opposite sides when it comes to people, society and the government even and yet both were Englishmen. Hobbes was born 5 April 1588 and died 4 December 1679; he is best known today for his work on political philosophy. While John Locke was 29 August 1632 and died 28 OctoberRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Government884 Words   |  4 Pagesshow how Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution follows the speculation of government from the philosopher John Locke. We’ll additionally discuss Thomas Hobbes’s theory of government. Both John Locke and Jefferson’s theories contributed to the American Revolution and to the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson’s theory of revolution found within the Declaration of Independence follows John Locke’s theory of government in multiple aspects, as well as in both the description of freedom of opportunityRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke are all great thinkers who were greatly influential in forming philosophies that would affect the future of politics. By analyzing each philosopher’s ideology, we can identify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of governmentRead MoreEssay about Phi-286 Mod 3 Wa 1827 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom John Lockes theory of government? Could it follow from Hobbess theory of government? Under what circumstances? Thomas Jeffersons theory of revolution seems to follow specific criteria from Thomas Hobbes original foundation, which was further expanded upon by John Locke and ultimately fine tuned by Thomas Jefferson. To get an understanding how these three philosophies follow one another, we must begin at the documented source; Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes lived during revolutionary timesRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1426 Words   |  6 PagesBy the second half of the 17th Century, England would experience one of the bloodiest conflicts in its history, ultimately serving to influence some of the most phenomenal political philosophers in Europe --Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. England was in constant unrest, choosing new forms of government almost on a whim in desperate attempts to restore order in the Country. The English Civil War in 1642 etched a legacy of dread in the people of England, and the war only appeared more disastrous andRead MoreViews of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau815 Words   |  4 Pages3/9/13 Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Racques Rosseau were philosophers who stated their belief of human nature and how we should govern mankind. Although Rousseau was born a different time than Hobbes and Locke, they all had a very strong influence on the way governments should function. They created a revolutionary idea of the state of nature, the way men were before a government came into play. Each philosopher developed guidelines and responsibilities that the government is obliged to. AlthoughRead MoreComparing John Locke s Views On Political Systems969 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast John Locke was a scholar who lived from 1632-1704. Locke worried about the absence of limitations on sovereign authority. As a man that was pro government for the people, he viewed politics as for the people or the people shall revolt. In stark contrast, Thomas Hobbes, who lived through much turmoil as well from 1588-1679, such as a civil war in Britain which lasted from 1642-1648 thought a sovereign leader was the only way to protect society from itself (Riemer, Simon, andRead MoreImpact Of Thomas Hobbes During The Age Of Absolutism1009 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes During the Age of Absolutism The Age of Absolutism was a time during the 16th to 19th centuries where many political, religious and colonial conflicts were rising. Some philosophers began to analyze the ideas of their civilizations in depth toward the end of this time period as it led into the Age of Enlightenment. One of these philosophers was Thomas Hobbes. He had quite a few accomplishments during his lifetime including writing many books and supporting the popular belief thatRead MoreBriefly Explain What Is Meant by the â€Å"Scientific Revolution† That Took Place in Seventeenth Century Europe, and How It Marked a Departure from Ancient and Medieval Philosophy.1603 Words   |  7 Pagesway Europeans viewed mankind, society, and traditional beliefs? The discoveries and exploration of the world overseas became key new influence on the European views of human cultures and nature of the human beings. Although Europe was a prominent figure during that time, Europe began rooting its territories overseas to analyze its comparison. The influence of European expansion can easily be seen: the Indian societies of America were modified or overshadowed; the indigenous societies of AfricaRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes886 Words   |  4 Pagesthe differences in political theories expressed by both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. In, Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, and in, The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke different theories of political legitimacy and definitions of the state of nature are described. The following paragraphs analyze multiple different points that are imperative to understanding these political theories. In the reading, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes discusses what human existence is in the state of nature and the

Gender Inequality And Gender Equality - 1367 Words

Introduction: Gender has and continues to be a contentious issue within the legal profession. Despite Anti-Discrimination legislation and diversification of the supply side, women still account for only one-fifth of Partner positions. So whilst the glass ceiling may have been shattered to an extent, the â€Å"pipeline to power remains elusive for most women†. Engagement with gender can assist in explaining this paradox. When coupled with consideration of other social classifications such as race and class, a clearer picture emerges of a legal profession in need of reform. This essay will primarily focus on commercial solicitors as gender inequality is most evident in this area. I sat down with corporate city lawyer, Amy Fenny, to help reframe the existing dialogue on gender equality by assessing gender bias and its impact on those who seek and attain positions of power within the legal profession. 1) Why do you think that it is important to have a diverse and equal workforce? Why does gender equality continue to dominate the debate on women in the workplace? The benefit of promoting equality within the workplace is three-fold. It is important that as a society, we are seen to be representative and inclusive. Without equality, society lacks legitimacy and therefore undermines public confidence in our institutions. A business case can also be proposed for the promotion of equality within the legal profession. A more diverse workforce ensures the diversification of marketShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality And Gender Equality1685 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.† According to united nations population fund â€Å"gender equality is a human right. Men and Women are entitled to live with dignity and with freedom from want and from fear. Gender equality is also a precondition for advancing development and reducing poverty: Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of whole families and communities, and they improve prospects for t he next generation†Read MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1667 Words   |  7 PagesGender inequality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by gender. Gender inequality is an issue not just nationally but globally. This issue is portrayed by the mistreating of individuals, mainly women, and not valuing everyone as one. This presentation will illustrate the exploration of gender equality, propose a solution and why that solution will produce a better future for a better world. Gender inequality is a very important issue common in our world today thatRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality921 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the dictionary, the definition of gender equality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected by gender. Gender inequality is happening, where women have less control over resources, less power than males, and fewer opportunities across social, economic, and political life. Gender inequality is happening because of women’s physical difference in education, work pay and job opportunities, family and culture, religion, and government. This is due to the stereotypicalRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1725 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent shades of green, with copious amounts of peace and tranquility. Gender equality, however, is something that seems to be left out of the typical picture of the ‘perfect society’. It is ironic that in the nation where ‘all men are creat ed equal’, there are so many restricting gender roles woven intricately into society, and from those restrictions come discriminations based solely on the gender of another human being. Gender roles have been suffocating seven billion people since the beginningsRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the past few decades, the gender inequality discourse have became a dominant feature of international, national and local policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has emerged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. Gender Inequality in Australia: According to the data published by Australian Bureau of Statistics in May 2015, the full time average earnings of women is $284.20 or 17.9%Read MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality1255 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"You can’t do that because youre a girl†. When I was younger gender inequality would start with these certain statements that corrupted ladies and brought down their confidence into supposing they couldnt do certain things, since it was seen as a mens activity or wasnt sufficiently ladylike. Now that this is a worldwide issue our a nation has decided to pass a law were women and men are treated fairly in having equal opportunities, responsibilities and are equal regardless of their sex. ThisRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1673 Words   |  7 Pages Gender inequality Women are one-half of the world population they deserve equal opportunity as men because at the end gender equality is part of humanity progress. Many women around the world are treated less favoured than men not only in countries that have traditional gender role but even in societies that believe in equal right for both male and female. Gender inequality means unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It results from differences in socially constructedRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesabout gender equality. It isn t a reality yet. Today, women make up half of the U.S. workforce, but the average working woman earns only seventy-seven percent of what the average working man makes. But unless women and men both say this is unacceptable, things will not change† stated Grammy Award winner, Beyoncà © (Knowles-Carter 34). Although in the twenty-first century, women are still fighting for equality to simply b e paid the same amount as men. The main causes of this gender inequality includeRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1387 Words   |  6 PagesStudies made me understand gender as a social construct used to differentiate between the sexes. Even how gender-roles played a role in women’s absence in education and the workforce, this systematic exclusion still takes place in Iran and highlights the privilege some men have over women. Even a nation as rich and powerful as the United States, equal opportunities for women are still lacking, most notably, the wage gap inequality. AAUW’s article The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap, states thatRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality2137 Words   |  9 PagesHistorically, women have always been seen as the subordinate gender. Considered weaker, more emotional, and less intelligent or capable than their male counterparts, women have been trying for decades to overcome adversity and get to a point where they can be taken seriously in a patriarchal world. Though progress has been made, there is still a long way to go until true gender equality is established. In America today, women are still predominantly seen in professions that have been traditionally

Online school vs Physical School free essay sample

An online school can impersonate many of the benefits provided by a physical school. For instances, learning materials, online exercises,self-paced courses, live online classes, tests and web forums but delivers these through the online medium. Physical interaction by students and teachers is unnecessary, or only supplementary. Virtual school may also enable individuals to earn transferable credits or to take identify examinations so that the student can be more capable to the next level of education. Instructional models vary, ranging from distance learning types which provides study materials for independent self-paced study, interactive classes where students or pupils work with a teacher in a class group lesson. The class can occupy from a small group of 6 pupils or students, to hundreds Live lessons with personal interaction needs a run on small groups of 6 30, while distance learning can be any number, and maybe very large amount. Besides that, it can also frequently be assumed that there is a problem of social communication in an online school, therefore for younger students must take a serious matter for lack of social skills training. We will write a custom essay sample on Online school vs Physical School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The distance learning approach where study packages are sent out, does fit this assumption, as the only human interaction is the marking of work by a teacher, and even that much may not be part of the education system. But in a live, interactive, online school lessons are socially establish. Students or pupils are in link with each other and with teachers through software provided by the online school, and by email, both in lessons and outside them. Students can also communicate by phone, where it is allowed. Through the various kinds of social contact personal relationships establishment. Some online schools do specifically address personal and welfare support, especially in the case of younger students for social skills training, both in its own right and to underpin effective, orderly lessons

Competition Australian Consumer Commission -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competition Australian Consumer Commission? Answer: Introducation The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) found that the advertisements displayed by the TPG Internet Pty Ltd. Were; Misleading and deceptive contrary to the ACL due to differences between the major headline offer and comparatively less significant terms which matches with the provided offer(Corrs, 2013). The ACCC also claimed that a number of advertisements were the breach of the regulations of the TPA because of its failure to specify in a highlighted manner and as a particular amount with a particular price for the bundle of services being provided by the company. The primary judge sustained the claims of the ACCC and considered a fiscal penalty of $2 million over the company(AustLII, 2013). It was claimed by ACCC that the advertisements of TPG contravened two statutory provisions, they are; It was claimed that the commercials were found to be misleading and deceptive because of its contravention with Section 52 of the TPA and Section 18 of the ACL because of exhibition of discrepancy between the important headline offer to the consumers and the comparatively less important advertisement matching with the offer(Dixon, 2013). It was stated that the publishing of initial advertisements and then the amended advertisement in continuance was the contravention of sections 52, 53(e), 53(g) and 53C of the TPA subsequent to its introduction to sections 18, 29(1)(i) and 29(1)(m) of Schedule 2 of the CCA (ACL)(Thampapillai et al., 2015). In this context, the ACCC claimed that several of the advertisements disobeyed section 53C (1) (c) of the TPA because of its failure to state in an important manner and as a particular offer at the solitary price for the bundle of services being presented by the company to the consumers(Battersby Webb, 2013). Bundling- The primary judge concluded the case on the basis of target audiences of the TPG, which constituted the extensive consumers of Australia in the region of the mainland city capitals, who were considered to be the potential users of the broadband internet services. It was determined by the judge that target audiences also incorporated the new users of the ADSL2+ services. It was also fund that because of varying range of available internet options, it was not easy for a reasonable consumer to assume whether the services being provided by the company were separate or bundled. Thus, it was established that the bundling condition operated in the situation as it doubled the monthly charge mentioned in the headline for the consumers as the further landline telephone charges was supposed to be an unnecessary service that was not realized and required by the consumers(High Court of Australia, 2013). Set-up fee- It was established by the primary judge that setup fees are always required for the purpose of broadband contracts maximum 2 years and the target consumers would be well aware about this fact. However, the impression of the dominant message that no further charges will be levied was preferred to be noticed by the consumers. If the intentions of the company were clear, then the advertisements were required to mention clearly about the requirement of further fee. It was found that there was lack of clarity in the offer of the company in advertisement on television, radio, internet and newspaper regarding the requirement of the setup fee(Edghill Edwards, 2013). Single price- It was determined by the primary judge that the company failed to importantly display the solitary price for the services being provided by the company in its initial advertisements on television, radio, internet and newspapers. It was established that the solitary price of $509.89 was not mentioned by the company for the package of services in an important manner in compliance with Section 53C (1) (c) of the TPA, in the preliminary advertisements by the company in television, newspapers and internet(Crennan Gageler, 2013). On the appeal of TPG to the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia, all the findings of the primary judge were put to one side and the pecuniary penalty of $2 million was lessened to $50,000 regarding the result of the contravention which was sustained by the court. In this context, the difference in approach claimed by the Full Court of Jacobson, Bennett, and Gilmour JJ were; It was not a point of dispute if the percentage of target audience were less interested in broadband internet along with landline telephone. Whether the dominant message in the advertisement should be characterized as misleading. In this context, the Full Court stated that considering solely the dominant message does not consider the requirement regarding the characteristics of the hypothetical readers or viewers, which include information related to the bundling process of services and the knowledge regarding applicability of the set-up charges. The Full Court stated that the legislation does not function for the benefits of such people who do not take responsibility of their personal interests. Section 18 of ACL does not compel an obligation on a party to provide the information so as to evade the cost or carelessness of another party having equivalent bargaining power as well as competency. Thus, the court stated that conduct can be considered as misleading or deceptive as per its inclination to direct into mistake. There is requirement to establish a sufficient contributory association between the conduct and the mistake taking into consideration the people exposed to it. The majority of the High Court that included French CJ, Crennan J, Bell J, and Keane J found that the Full Court made a mistake in its decision in following ways; The Full Court did a mistake in considering that the opinion of the primary judge was mistaken in considering the dominant message in the advertisement as significant. It was stated by the court that the target audiences could not have been anticipated to concentrate on the advertisements because of their focus on the matter of their purchase and their lack of dutiful attention did not account for their failure to take rational care regarding their benefits. Secondly, the Full Court made a mistake in failing to realize that the inclination of the commercials by TPG to deceive was not counterbalanced by the acknowledgment of the Full Court regarding the information of the target audience that ADSL2+ services by the company may be offered in the form of "bundle" with extra charges. It was held by the majority that the dominant message would definitely take priority over any kind of specific knowledge of the target audiences that ADSL2+ services were commonly offered in the form of bundle. In the opinion of the High Court, the Puxu case was dissimilar from the TPG advertisements in three respects, out of which two are; The target audiences of TPG are not such type of potential purchasers who emphasize upon the matter of their purchase in the showrooms. The advertisements were an interference over the awareness of the target audiences, which should not always be welcomed. The main purpose of the advertisements was to grab the attention of the target audiences. However, while the attention of the audiences might have been grabbed, it cannot be expected from the consumers to pay a close attention to the advertisement. The attention of the judges focused on listening and viewing the advertisements certainly not is gratified in order to examine them for the purpose of the proceedings of case. The Full Court rightly recognized that majority will only give perfunctory and general attention without taking into consideration the reasonable care of their own interests. Secondly, it was not the case in which, the tendency of the advertisements of the company were to mislead the consumers by providing attention closely to a part of the advertisement and ignoring the balance. The intention of the company was to mislead the consumers' select some words in the advertisement to be emphasized more upon and to transfer the remaining to comparative insignificance. If I was in a job in the marketing division of an internet services provider, in order to commence an advertising operation, which could promote an eye-catching plan for the membership to be considered by the potential customers, I will advise to consider certain aspects while preparing an advertisement; In the advertisement, it should be carefully assessed what the dominant message is conveying to the customers wherever, emphasis is placed or headline is used in the advertisements. It would be safe not to assess the interpretation of the ordinary reasonable customer about the assumed knowledge regarding the product through the advertisement and everything should be clearly explained. Deterrence or avoidance can be considered as a fundamental issue in the assessment of penalty for the breach under the existing business law of the region if the motivating power behind the misleading conduct of the company is proved to be the commercial gain for the company. Therefore, it will be recommended that the advertisement should be clearly explaining the offers and services provided by the company along with the exact amount of fee to be paid by the customers and the benefits if it occurs. Everything should be mentioned in the advertisement in order to avoid any kind of confusions in future. References AustLII, 2013. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54 (12 December 2013). [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/2013/54.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(Australian%20Competition%20and%20Consumer%20Commission%20and%20TPG%20Internet%20Pty%20) [Accessed 16 Sepember 2017]. Battersby, M. Webb, K., 2013. Advertising and the ACL: Fine print couldn't save TPG Internet in the High Court. [Online] Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2013/december/advertising-and-the-acl-fine-print-couldn-t-save-tpg-internet-in-the-high-court [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Corrs, 2013. High Court reinstates $2 million penalty against TPG. [Online] Available at: https://www.corrs.com.au/publications/corrs-in-brief/high-court-reinstates-2-million-penalty-against-tpg/ [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Crennan, B. Gageler, K.J., 2013. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54. [Online] Available at: https://www.jade.world/case/2013HCA54 [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Dixon, K., 2013. ACCC v TPG - The ACCC Bites Back in a High Court Win Overruling TPGs Successful Appeal. [Online] Available at: https://www.addisonslawyers.com.au/knowledge/assetdoc/7f0dda0ad438ee0d/ACCC%20-%20TPG%201068319_1.pdf [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Edghill, K. Edwards, M., 2013. Australia: ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Limited: High Court rules on claims of misleading headline advertising. [Online] Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/281682/advertising+marketing+branding/ACCC+v+TPG+Internet+Pty+Limited+High+Court+rules+on+claims+of+misleading+headline+advertising [Accessed 16 September 2017]. High Court of Australia, 2013. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54. [Online] Available at: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2013/hca54-2013-12-12.pdf [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Thampapillai, D., Tan, V., Bozzi, C. Matthew, A., 2015. Australian Commercial Law. Cambridge University Press.

Literary Terms from Word Search Flashcard

Literary Terms from Word Search

How Developmental Editing Can Help Your First Draft

How Developmental Editing Can Help Your First Draft Stuck on your first draft? Call a developmental editor... or a ghostwriter So, you’ve got an original idea for a book. Maybe it’s the memoir you’ve meant to write for years, or a stunning business book designed to shake up the status quo in Silicon Valley. Once you have this idea, how do you turn it into an actual manuscript?Writing a book is no simple task, which is why published authors often work with an editor to develop their ideas before they even type ‘Chapter One’ on the top of a blank page. But for you -   the independent author who doesn’t have a book deal, let alone a dedicated editor at a publishing house -   who can you turn to for help with your first draft?You’re spoiled for choice with the quality of publishing professionals you can find on the web (*cough* Reedsy *cough*), but who’s your first call? We spoke to editors and ghostwriters on our network who were happy to shed some light on the professional help available to authors at the start of their creative journey.If you’r e truly not sure how to approach your first draft, but you’re passionate about the seed of an idea for a fiction or nonfiction book, the person you may want to contact is a developmental editor.What is developmental editing?Sometimes, this is called â€Å"structural editing† or even â€Å"substantive editing.† No matter what terms you use to describe this type of work, know that it involves developing the big ideas in your book (hence the popular term, â€Å"developmental editing†). In the broadest sense, a developmental editor will not be correcting your misplaced commas. Instead, you’ll be collaborating with someone who specializes in the fine art of idea generation and concept clarification. A developmental editor specializes in the fine art of idea generation and concept clarification. With fiction, developmental work might involve high-level discussions on character arcs, themes, plotting, and pacing. By getting all these elements in place before a first draft, you could potentially save a lot of time and money in rewrites. Fiction editors will often work with authors at any point of the writing process, whether you have 50 pages written or nothing more than an idea. Developmental editing can also be useful if you’ve completed the first draft and don’t know how to move forward with revisions.Non-fiction developmental editingIf you’re looking at an autobiography, business manual, or any book in the realm of non-fiction, specialist developmental editors will take a goal-oriented approach to develop your plan or book proposal.â€Å"I've worked with authors at the initial idea stage to help them hone the scope of the book and audience," said Claire Ruston, a UK-based development professional. "I'll discuss with the author what they're aiming to a chieve with the book (is it to promote their business, for example) and who they're aiming at.†Unlike fiction, Claire suggests that early stage developmental editing in non-fiction will often involve a lot of structural work.â€Å"Sometimes I may work closely with an author to develop a full table of contents right down to Level 2 headings, giving them a detailed structure to write to. If an author is struggling to map out their book, early-stage developmental work can be incredibly valuable and save a lot of time further down the road.†Okay. Now that you’ve worked with a developmental editor to put all your pieces in place for your book (fiction or non-fiction), all that’s left is to write the damn thing.Still not sure you want to write your book? Keep reading.What if I want to work with a ghostwriter?Ghostwriters are a dime-a-dozen in the world of non-fiction, where authors often come from a non-writing background. The chances are good that you’ve read a ghostwritten book or two without knowing it.â€Å"So many authors find themselves in this position -   having the basis for a great book, but lacking the time to turn it into a fully rounded book,† said Jeremy Blachman, a New York-based author and ghostwriter. "The more business-oriented work I've done tends to start with at least some articles that the client has written (or helped write) that they want to expand into a book.† "So many authors have the basis for a great book, but lack the time to work on it" @jeremyblachman on ghostwriting You can approach a ghostwriter with little more than an idea, then work with him or her to shape the book. If you’ve already worked up a book proposal with a developmental editor, your ghost can use that document as a launch pad.While it’s certainly a ghostwriter’s job to create the content for your book, you will often be deeply involved in the creative process. Almost all collaborations start with a conversation that allows the ghost to determine the author’s â€Å"voice.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Talking to them, hearing how they express ideas, starting to get a sense of how they think,† said Blachman. â€Å"Reading what they've written. Asking what they like to read. Seeing their reactions to different versions of what I create. I've written a few different versions of an opening and asked a client: which one is closest to the tone of the book you're envisioning?†Should I get a ghostwriter for my novel?Bear in mind that the vast majority of ghostwrite rs work in non-fiction. Ghostwritten fiction does exist, but it’s incredibly rare. Writing fiction is supposed to be creatively fulfilling. Hiring a ghost to write your novel is like buying a sports car and then paying someone else to drive it for you: it happens, but it doesn’t make much sense.Do I have to credit my ghostwriter?As for the question of authorship, experienced ghostwriters will have made peace with their anonymity and are broadly comfortable with you taking full credit for the book.â€Å"Speaking from a non-fiction perspective, the book is grounded in the author's ideas and expertise,† said Claire Ruston. â€Å"They may have had help getting the words on the page, but it's wholly and unquestionably the author's book.†If you want to find out more about choosing the right ghostwriter, check out this great post from Reedsy’s Andrew Crofts  - perhaps the world's most successful ghost.Ghostwriting and Developmental Editing: Where the l ines blurAs we’ve discovered recently, many ghostwriters have experience as editors and will sometimes work with non-fiction authors to plan a book and even write a proposal. Authors who go down this route have the option to either write the first draft themselves or hire the same ghostwriter to complete the job.Many editors would warn against this approach, pointing out that editing and writing are different disciplines. While many ghostwriters will provide developmental assistance, not all will have a truly editorial mindset.Don’t give up. Assemble your A-Team.The point we want to stress is this: writing doesn’t have to be a solitary pursuit. Whether you work with an editor to develop your book or hand over the reins to a ghostwriter, there's nothing wrong with collaborating to bring your ideas to life. Publishing a successful book is a team sport, and half the game is knowing who you want on your side. So if you’re not sure how best to approach your fi rst book, ask for help.If you have any questions about your developmental editing and ghostwriting options, drop us a question in the comments below, and we’ll do our best to answer it.

Corporate Finance - Assignment 03 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Finance - 03 - Assignment Example The study will be conducted for five days from 23rd December 2014 to 27th December 2014. The equipment is needed in January 2015. The estimated transportation cost is AED 5 million. The company intends to spend the remaining AED 50 million towards the equipment purchase. The equipment is quoted to cost  £ 860,000 and â‚ ¬ 1,090,000 in pounds and Euros respectively. The study of the currency movement will aid the purchase at a lower price. Therefore, this assignment presents a five-day exchange rate in a table format showing the value of AED 50 million, for each day, in both the currencies (Pounds and Euros). For each of the five days, the cost of the purchase and the impact of the decision are presented. Last, a report that provides justifications that the decision made is favourable to the company also is provided. For the purpose of purchasing the equipment, the currency used for the transaction is the Euros. The table 3 below shows the cost of the equipment in AED based on the exchange rates observations presented in table 1 above. The equipment is quoted to cost â‚ ¬ 1,090,000. Therefore, after incorporating the exchange rates, the costs are below. From the table 3 above, the company will spend (1,090,000/0.223548) = AED 4,875,910 to purchase the equipment on the first day. â‚ ¬1,090,000 is the price quoted in Euros. In order to determine the cost of purchasing the equipment on day 1, the quote price is divided by the exchange rate (AED/ £) on that day. Recapture that AED 50 million was allocated for the expenditure. Therefore, by making the decision to purchase the equipment, the company will save (50,000,000 – 4,875,910) = AED 45,124,090 for the reason that the equipment will be worth less than the planned cost (XE Live Exchange Rates, 2014). The company’s capital expenditure will be significantly reduced, thereby increasing its financial flexibility (ability to pursue other profitable investments). The

Strategies for Making Menu Driven Interface Visually Appealing In Assignment

Strategies for Making Menu Driven Interface Visually Appealing In Modern Computer Environment - Assignment Example Evaluation of User Dialogue Strategies Used by a Menu Driven Interface User dialogue system is regarded as a computer system which aims to converse especially with the humans in a comprehensible structure. In menu driven interface, dialogue systems often comprise employed text, language, pictures, signs and other mode of communication for input as well as for output channels. There are several strategies that are used in user dialogue system. A typical dialogue system process comprises technologies and tools such as input recognizer, language understanding, conversation manager and output renderer. Input recognizer unit consists of speech recognition, motion recognition and script recognition. On the other hand, language-understanding unit comprises appropriate name identification, speech classification and semantic parser. With respect to the conversation manager, the task of this unit is to maintain proper records of discussion and to manage the usual flow of information exchange. Usually in menu driven interface, the conversation manager tends to per form multiple tasks relating to specific fields. The conversation manager generates output by applying output originator. This output is extracted by implying output renderer which comprise text to speech engine (Blair-Early & Zender, 2008). Determination of Popularity of Menu Driven Interfaces Menu driven interfaces are still popular in modern computing age. Basically, this system possesses several advantages that assist in gaining the popularity of menu driven technology. ... Furthermore, menu driven system is visually attractive and provides the users a better graphical interface to work with. Menu driven system is also affordable and hence appropriate for beginner user model (Lee & Raymond, n.d.). Menu driven system also permits novice users to execute information seeking activities without having proper knowledge on command language. Menu system completely narrows down the activities of information seeker and therefore do not permit articulacy of command styles. Additionally, direct management style of menu driven system provides information seeker with clear plotting between physical functions and system responses. As a result, it is still popular in modern computer system (Marchionini, 1997). Strategies for Making Menu Driven Interface Visually Appealing In Modern Computer Environment There are several strategies that can help to make the menu driven interface visually appealing. The first strategy is the use of answer dialogue. Answer dialogue strat egy is basically used in order to supplement different dialogues under menu driven system. This strategy necessitates consideration of possible answers to manage the actions in case of incorrect answers (Savage & et. al., 1982). The second strategy is direct manipulation. Direct manipulation strategy permits the operation of graphical objects which appear in the monitor screen. This strategy mainly concentrates on utilization of icons and images in order to suggest effective functions to the users (Savage & et. al., 1982). The third strategy for making menu driven interface more visually appealing is the use of instruction sets. However, this strategy can only be used

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Reflection paper - Essay Example However, most of the people make judgments from looks. People sometimes try to guess my birth origin. Normally, when somebody doesn’t know me, he asks me what my ethnic origin is. Normally, my ethnic origin is guessed or asked when I come across strangers. People cannot tell confidently where I am from because I look as much British as I look American, Canadian or Australian. Basically they pay attention to my language, and try to find similarities with the type of English spoken in the different countries where English happens to be the first language. I pay most attention to the way I speak. I believe that English is a very good language, and has proper grammar and rules of speech that are being frequently overlooked in the present age. People are relying upon slangs and short-cuts and as this has become a practice, the grammatically correct English is receding. I tend to maintain English in its correct form as I speak. I try to speak it correctly so that the original form of the English language is sustained. Since I tend to speak English correctly unlike most of the people with whom I share my ethnic origin, people who don’t know me try to judge my ethnic origin from my accent, but very few actually make the correct judgments. I have noticed that when they find that they have guessed my ethnic origin wrong, they tend to be sorry and respectfully ask me where I belong. Yes, I do trick people about my origin just for fun. I have noticed that people have preconceived notions about people belonging to specific ethnic origins. I like to experience how people would deal me if they thought that I was from a different ethnic origin than what my ethnic origin is. Usually, when I tell lie to someone telling him that I am from the same ethnic origin as he, the other person’s attitude becomes much more over-whelming and welcoming. People tend to develop friendship with people

Tissue Culture Studies In Pecan Biology Essay

Tissue Culture Studies In Pecan Biology Essay In the words of Paek and Read (2007), modern biotechnology owes much to its roots derived from plant tissue culture and micropropagation. Gottileb Haberlandt (1902) is referred to as the Father of Tissue Culture, is often cited as the origin and emergence of plant tissue culture and its subsequent application. Plant tissue culture techniques have become a fundamental tool for studying and solving basic and applied problems pertaining to agriculture, industry, environment and health in plant biotechnology. These techniques have greater impetus in the field of propagation (Islam, 1996). Plant tissue culture is multi-dimensional field that offers excellent prospects for plant improvement and crop productivity (Jain, 2001). Since the establishment of cultivation of plants, mankind is looking for methods that aids in the mass multiplication of plants using minimum quantity of propagules. The ultimate result of their enquiry leads to the development of tissue culture techniques. Woody plan ts having economic significance are generally propagated by seeds. Propagation of plants through tissue culture has become an essential and popular technique to reproduce crops that are otherwise difficult to propagate conventionally by seed and/or vegetative means. Pecan is a hardwood tree species of great economic importance for its nut fruits and usually propagated through seeds. Grafting and budding are the other conventional methods of propagating Pecan. Due to several limitations in conventional propagation methods certain relatively newer tissue culture techniques were developed for tree improvements. Different plant parts such as apical meristem, nodal explants, cotyledons or leaf explants were used for micropropagation of woody trees. For multiple shoot induction cotyledonary nodal explants have been used in tree propagation (Das et al., 1996; Pradhan et al., 1998; Das et al., 1999; Purohit et al., 2002; Walia et al., 2003). Genetic variations during callus cultures and mic ropropagation of trees have also been reported (Gupta and Varshney, 1999). Some molecular markers such as RAPD and AFLP has been also been used to detect genetic variations among in vitro clones (Gangopadhyay et al., 2003). In vitro studies for Pecan improvement throughout the world are generally scanty. Tissue culture techniques have been developed for several tree crops, but previous efforts with Pecan have shown that it is difficult to propagate by in vitro methods (Wood, 1982). These techniques have been used in Pecan mainly for the purpose of clonal propagation. Despite the fact that it is also found in Northern areas of Pakistan (Abbotabad). So far, nothing has been done for its growth and multiplication in Pakistan. There is to-date a short-fall in Pecan nuts and its products throughout the world because of the lack of rapid micropropagation methods for this tree species and disease attack during the last two decades. Various aspects of research on Pecan includes; studies on propagation (Smith et al., 1974), seed germination and dormancy (Dimalla and Van Staden, 1977), micropropagation (Hansen and Lazarte, 1984), seed maturation and germination (Wood, 1984), somatic embryogenesis (Rodriguez and Wetzstein, 1988), adventitious regeneration (Long et al., 1995), cell suspension cultures (Burns and Wetzstein, 1997), Manganese deficiency (Smith and Cheary, 2001), effect of Zinc supply on growth and nutrient uptake (Kim et al., 2002a), effect of nitrogen form and nutrient uptake (Kim et al., 2002b), forcing shoot tips and epicormic/ latent buds (Preece and Read, 2003). In this section a brief review of work is given in a manner so as to highlight the current status of the research work in Pecan tissue culture. 2.1.1 Micropropagation Micropropagation is the art and science of plant multiplication in vitro (McCown and McCown, 1999). As a concept, micropropagation was first presented to the scientific community in 1960 by Morel producing virus-free Cymbidiums. Micropropagation is a sophisticated technique for the rapid and large-scale propagation of many tree species. It has a great commercial potential due to extremely high speed of multiplication, the high plant quality and the ability to produce disease-free plants. Micropropagation has been applied to several woody tree species (Bonga and Von Aderkas, 1992). Generally, woody plants are recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration (McCown, 2000). The pertinency of micropropagation for woody trees has been confirmed feasible since the aspects of the system have established that trees produced by this method are similar to those produced by traditional methods (Lineberger, 1980). Furthermore, Lineberger (1980) however, described that the major impact of plant tissue cult ure will not be felt in the area of micropropagation, however in the area of controlled manipulations of plants at the cellular level. Many workers have reported propagation of Pecan through conventional methods (Smith et al., 1974; Brutsch et al., 1977). However these methods suffer several limitations thus provide few propagules from selected individuals (Tiwari et al., 2002). Several efforts at Pecan tissue culture were reported by Smith (1977) and Knox (1980) but neither was successful in establishing plants in soil. However, Knox obtained few shoots and plantlets when inverted nodal cuttings were used in vitro which upon transplanting did not survive. Later, Knox and Smith (1981) successfully proliferated in vitro axillary shoots of Pecan using seedling explants. Success was limited to the formation of callus with only few shoots and root formation. Major drawbacks to clonally propagate Pecan are the poor rooting and their survival rate after transplanting to greenhouse (Brutsch et al., 1976). In 1982, Wood successfully induced shoot proliferation in axillary buds of nodal explants and reported that synthetic hormones with combination of 4.0 mg/ litre BA and 1.0 mg/ litre IBA were most effective for shoot proliferation. Gibberellic Acid (GA3) at 3.0 mg/ litre plus 0.1 mg/ litre. BA also enhanced shoot elongation although he was unable to subculture shoots and rooting was not achieved. In another work performed by Hansen and Lazarte (1982) shoots were proliferated from juvenile Pecan in vitro and limited success was reported in terms of rooting. Hansen and Lazarte (1984) obtained single node cuttings from 2-month-old Pecan seedlings and induced bud break to from multiple shoots on liquid WPM and 2 % glucose supplemented with 3.0 mg/ litre 6-Benzylamino purine (BA). The shoots developed in vitro adventitious roots and showed vigorous root system with profuse lateral branching from primary roots on transferring to soil after soaking in 10 mg/ litre IBA for 8 days. Corte-Olivares and co-workers (1990a) reported a procedure for propagating Pecan using explants from adult trees. They collected nodal explant material during two consecutive seasons from grafted Western Schley trees. Specific trees representing the vegetative phase, partially bearing phase and fully bearing phase were identified and three collections of axillary buds were made from them each year. Buds were cultured on Dunstan and Short (1977) basal medium supplemented with 0.51 mM ascorbic acid and 4.4 Â µM BA. They found severe contamination problem which resulted in the data that was not amenable to statistical analysis in five of six collections of explants. Even so, in one of these five collections, shoot development and multiplication was observed during second and third culture passages from transitional tree while in four collections from juvenile tree explants. Amenable data found in one or six collections where explants of all three-donor tree phase responded with shoot m ultiplication. The results of this preliminary study indicated that selected adult phenol types had a potential for clonally micropropagating Pecan. 2.1.2 Somatic Embryogenesis Somatic embryogenesis has been known in tissue cultures of a wide range of higher plants, including both angiosperms and gymnosperms (Halperin, 1995). Somatic embryogenesis is a valuable tool of interest in plant biotechnology for its potential applications in clonal propagation, genetic transformation and studies involving embryo development. In addition, somatic embryogenesis is also used for regenerating transgenic trees. It involves the development of somatic cells into embryos, which proceeds through a sequence of morphological stages that resembles zygotic embryogenesis (Dodeman et al., 1997; Dong and Dunstan, 1999). It has been reported in several temperate and tropical tree species (Gain and Gupta, 2005). It is reported that many species of tropical fruit trees could produce somatic embryos in tissue culture (Litz, 1985). In another study, temperate fruit species including apple, sweet cherry, grapes, guava etc. have also been reported to produce somatic embryos (Tisserat et al., 1979; Ammirato, 1983; Rai et al., 2007). A successful somatic embryogenesis has been reported in members of the Pecan (Carya illinoensis) family (Juglandaceae), i.e., Juglans nigra, Juglans hindsii using immature zygotic embryo explants (Tulecke and McGranahan, 1985). However, the application of somatic embryogenesis for the improvement of Pecan is still limited as a result of problems with low initiation frequencies, maintenance of embryogenic cell lines and low conversion rates. Somatic embryogenesis is best known as an alternative pathway to propagate Pecan via methods of tissue culture mainly due to high multiplication rates, formation of organized root and shoot axes and feasibility of mechanization. A number of studies have focused on Pecan somatic embryogenesis and conversion to complete plantlets (Merkle et al., 1987; Wetzstein et al., 1988; 1989; 1990; Corte-Olivares et al., 1990b and Yates and Reilly, 1990). Somatic embryogenesis has been used for induced regeneration from in vitro tissue culture, occurring indirectly from callus, cell suspension, or protoplast culture or directly from cells of an organized structure such as stem segment or zygotic embryo (Williams and Maheswaran, 1986). They also described the fundamental homologies between direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis and between single cell and multiple cell initiation. The observed pattern of morphogenesis depends whether a group of cells establish and maintain coordinated behavior a nd influenced by factors, which affect intercellular communication. McGranahan et al., (1987) obtained genetic transformation using somatic embryogenic cultures in Juglans. Wetzstein et al., (1996) suggested that somatic embryogenesis has the potential for propagating Pecan rootstocks and useful in introducing genes of commercial interest. Merkle et al., (1987) induced somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos of Pecan cultivars Stuart and Desirable, within one month following transfer from modified WPM with 2.0mg/litre 2, 4-D and 0.25 mg/litre BA in the light to hormone-free medium in the dark but with low embryogenic frequency. Wetzstein and co-workers (1988) however, improved the embryogenic frequency up to 40 % for some explants sampling stages of Pecan. In another study, Wetzstein and co-workers (1989) examined the effect of cultivars, sampling date, tree source of explants and duration on conditioning medium for the optimum production of somatic embryos in two cvs. (Stuart and Desirable) of Pecan. Significant variations in embryogenic response were observed in both the cultivars. A short term exposure to 2, 4-D was shown to be quite adequate for embryogenesis in Pecan. Immature zygotic embryos collected in a developmental stage of rapid cotyledon expansion showed highest embryogenic response, i.e., 54.7 % in Desirable and 85.2 % in Stuart. No signification effect of duration on conditioning medium on embryogenic response was observed in both the cultivars. In Stuart, effect of different trees as explant sources was not significant but found significant in Desirable. However, plant regeneration and transplantation remained a limiting factor. Later, Corte-Olivares and co-workers (1990b) reported the induction of somatic embryogenesis in two cultivars (Western Schley and Wichita) with low developmental frequencies into complete plantlets. Growth regulators with different combinations had a significant effect on induction of embryogenic callus. They proved that medium containing 2, 4-D was most effective for the induction of embryogenesis. The individual shoots isolated from shoot multiplication cultures were rooted with 49 % frequency upon culture for 4 weeks on BDS (Dunstan and Short) medium containing 14.8Â µM IBA. Their results indicated the potential to successfully obtain complete plants from Pecan somatic embryos. Studies of Yates and Reilly (1990) on relation of cultivars response on somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant development revealed that explants of micropylar region when removed from fruits in the liquid endosperm stage were more embryogenic than the intact ovules. Medium containing auxin alone or auxin and cytokinins produced more somatic embryos than medium containing cytokinin alone. Furthermore, Wetzstein et al., (1990) examined effects of zygotic embryo explanting time and auxin type on somatic embryogenesis during conditioning in Pecan (Carya illinoensis). Maximum embryogenesis was observed after 15 weeks post pollination. Percent somatic embryogenesis and embryo form was significantly affected by auxin type and concentration but not the embryogenic efficiency. MS medium proved to be better than WPM for embryo germination. In another interesting study, Mathews and Wetzstein (1993) established new methods to increase plant regeneration by repetitive secondary embryos formation which can efficiently produce large number of clonal plants suitable for establishment in greenhouse. Silver nitrate (29.43 Â µM) incorporation to WPM and application of 6-benzylaminopurine (100 Â µM) on shoot apices increased maximum shoot regeneration frequency with average frequency (20 %) of plantlet conversion up to a maximum of 71 % in cv. Mahan. Later, 70 80 % of the regenerated plants attained hardening stage and > 99 % of hardened plants were established successfully in the greenhouse. Later, Rodriguez and Wetzstein (1994) investigated callus production, embryo formation and embryo morphology in Pecan. Explants were cultured for one week on WPM with either NAA or 2, 4-D at a concentration of 2, 6 or 12 mg/litre and then subcultured on fresh basal medium. The best auxin treatment was 6 mg/l NAA in the induction medium, with 100 % somatic embryogenesis in cv. Stuart. Somatic embryos induced by NAA were shown to have relatively normal morphology than those induced by 2, 4-D. They reported that somatic embryo morphology affects plantlet conversion and NAA proved to be a superior auxin than 2, 4-D for the production of somatic embryos and their subsequent conversion to plants. In 1998, Rodriguez and Wetzstein critically compared morphological and histological aspects of Pecan somatic embryos induced on media with NAA or 2, 4-D. The media containing NAA or 2, 4-D has shown significant differences in the timing and pattern of initiation and development of somatic embryos. Embryos derived from callus cultures on NAA had normal morphology while those derived from cultures on 2, 4-D had higher incidences of abnormalities. Their study strongly revealed the multicelluar origin of embryos in contrast to earlier studies of somatic embryogenesis where embryos were defined as having single-cell origin (Street and Withers, 1974). Yates and Wood (1989) demonstrated organogenesis from immature embryonic axes in vitro in Pecan. Highest number of normal plants was produced from medium containing IBA, BA and kinetin at 0.5, 4.4 and 9.3 Â µM respectively. Shoots only were produced on a medium containing cytokinins only and rooting was observed on medium with no cytokinins. In cv. Desirable greatest number of axillary shoots were elongated from embryo axes on a medium containing cytokinin only, but both with auxin and cytokinins foe cv. Stuart. Later, Obeidy and Smith (1993), investigated organogenesis from mature Pecan cotyledons and embryonic axes. Embryonic axes at cotyledonary nodes formed 85 % microshoots and 30 % were rooted on an auxin-free medium after pre-culture in a medium with 20 Â µM IBA. Adventitious buds emerged on callus surface previously produced on medium containing TDZ (25 Â µM) from cotyledonary nodes and radicals. Kumar and Sharma (2005) induced somatic embryos from cotyledon explants of Walnut and Pecan. They cryopreserved these somatic embryos using non-toxic cryoprotectants, i.e., DMSO, glycerol and ethylene glycol and evaluated their survival percentage. Maximum survival percentage was observed with 5 % DMSO, 1.5 % glycerol and 3% ethylene glycol pre-treatment. In contrast, higher sucrose levels decreased survival rate and the embryos became necrotic. However, sucrose-desiccated somatic embryos pretreated with cryoprotectants survived better after one day in the liquid nitrogen. Somatic embryogenesis can be applied for efficient plant regeneration systems. It may also be utilized for introducing the genes of interest. Molecular markers can be used as a means of evaluating genetic stability of plants regenerated through tissue culture. Somatic embryos exhibit morphological features similar to zygotic embryos. Abnormal developments, however, frequently been observed and genetic fidelity of embryos is unknown. Therefore, the genetic fidelity of culture must be evaluated before somatic embryogenesis can be exploited. In such an interesting research work, Vendrame et al., (1999) evaluated the applicability of using AFLP analysis to assess the genetic variability in somatic embryos of Pecan (Carya illinoensis) and compared between and within embryogenic culture lines. They revealed that individual embryos derived from the same culture line exhibited high similarity and could be grouped together. However, within a culture line some embryo-to-embryo differences were also observed. They concluded that AFLP can be used as a reproducible technique to check the genetic variation among Pecan somatic embryo cultures. Larkin and Scowcroft (1981) were the first who designated variations in tissue-culture-derived plants as somaclonal variations. Somaclonal variations were also detected in Peach regenerates when developed from two different embryo callus cultures using RAPD (Hashmi et al., 1997). They suggested that genetic changes occurred during tissue culture. Brown et al., (1993) were also successful in genetically distinguishing among wheat suspension culture lines and also among regenerated plants through RAPD. Several studies have been reported to the use of molecular markers in understanding the Pecan genome. The genetic diversity of Pecan populations through isozyme system has been demonstrated by Marquard 1987, 1991; Marquard, et al., 1995; Ruter et al., 2000, 2001). Conner and Wood (2001) employed RAPDs for the identification of Pecan cultivars and estimate their genetic relatedness. The molecular evaluation of Pecan trees regenerated from somatic embryogenic cultures was carried out by Vendrame et al., (2000) using AFLPs. Grauke, et al., (2001) reported mean 2C genomic size of Pecan to be approximately 1.7 pg. Later, in another study, Grauke et al., (2003) evaluated simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for the genetic study of Pecan. Crespel et al., (2002) stated that molecular markers are valuable in perennial crops for the construction of linkage maps. Molecular linkage maps are successfully employed in many crops for directed germplasm improvement (Pearl et al., 2004). Recently, mo lecular linkage maps of several tree fruit and nut crops have also been produced, including Pear (Yamamoto et al., 2002), Apricot (Lambert et al., 2004) and Walnut (Fjellstrom and Parfitt, 1994). In such another interesting work, Beedanagari et al., (2005) reported a first genetic linkage map of Pecan using RAPD and AFLP markers. These maps are an important first step towards the detection of genes controlling horticulturally important characters such as nut size, maturity date, kernel quality and disease resistant (Conner, 1999). To initiate further work on Pecan, somatic embryogenesis has also been attempted by using cell suspension cultures. Regenerable suspension cultures established an attractive tool for the production of clonal plants and in studies involving genetic transformation. Previously, repetitive somatic embryogenesis was first reported in Pecan (Merkle et al., 1987) on solidified medium. Later, a number of research workers have improved the quantity (Wetzstein et al., 1989; Yates and Reilly, 1990) and quality (Wetzstein et al., 1990) of the somatic embryos through modified culture media and conditions. Though many improvement of the cultured media, not any previous report represented the development of somatic embryos in liquid medium. In liquid suspensions, synchronized development of the embryogenic cultures was one of the major advantage over the solidified cultures. In tissue cultures of Pecan, stable embryogenic suspensions have been developed by Burns and Wetzstein (1994). They induced pre-globular stage embryo masses on hormone-free liquid suspension cultures of Pecan to develop into somatic embryos on semi-solid medium. Effect of modified solid medium (various combinations of ABA, Maltose, casein hydrolysate and filter paper overlays) treatments on somatic embryo storage reserve accumulation was investigated. Embryos analyzed for triglycerides and protein contents showed significant reserve deposition for some treatments but associated with undesirable deterioration in embryo morphology. The treatment that enhances the reserve accumulation was identified promoting plant recovery from suspension-derived Pecan somatic embryos. Later, in another interesting work, Burns and Wetzstein (1997) developed a method for the establishment and proliferation of developmentally stable, embryogenic Pecan suspension cultures, presenting a major improvement in embryogenic tissue culture in Juglandaceae. The established suspension cultures consisted of a mixture of pre-globular, globular stage embryo aggregates and freely suspended globular embryos. Their studies revealed that cultures were repetitively embryogenic and proliferated in growth-regulator-free medium. Repetitive embryogenic cultures have also been reported in Juglans regia (Tulecke and McGranahan, 1985) and Juglans nigra (Neuman et al., 1993; Preece et al., 1995), related members of the family Juglandaceae. 2.1.4 Adventitious Regeneration Adventitious regeneration means the production of adventitious shoots and buds from tissue other than axillary buds, e.g., the cotyledonary explants. The most common explants for adventitious regeneration of woody plants are cotyledons. They may either be from mature or immature seeds and leaf tissue from in vitro cultures. Although adventitious regeneration is generally undesirable for clonal micropropagation, it can represent an excellent opportunity to regenerate plants from various tissues. Also the propagation rates can be much higher than axillary shoot formation (Chun, 1993). Adventitious shoot formation can also be used for overcoming reproductive barrier caused by sterile male/ female plants (Kantia and Kothari, 2002). Conventional propagation techniques for woody fruit species are slow and possess several difficulties due to long generation cycles and high level of heterozygosity (Sriskandarajah, et al., 1994). There is a need to develop in vitro methods that could be available to speed up the breeding process for crop improvement. Many woody plant species resisted the establishment of an efficient system for regenerating plantlets due to genetically driven in vitro recalcitrance (McCown, 2000; Shing et al., 2002). However, in vitro adventitious regeneration has been achieved from various plants of several woody tree species (Maggon and Singh, 1996; Nagori and Purohit, 2004). It was reported that under identical conditions the shoot regeneration percentage varied depending on the source and type of explants used (Gentile et al., 2002; Grant and Hammatt, 2000). A higher percentage of shoot regeneration was attained from juvenile leaf explants as compared to adult leaves in Prunus dulcis (Miguel et al., 1996). Regeneration has also been achieved from the leaves of apricot (Burgos and Alburquerque, 2003), black cherry (Hammatt and Grant, 1998) and sweet cherry (Matt and Jehle, 2005). Regeneration of adventitious shoots has been reported from immature cotyledons of Peach (Yan and Zhou, 2002) and Almond (Ainsley et al., 2001). In addition, regeneration using mature cotyledons has been reported for Peach (Pooler and Scorza, 1995), ornamental cherries (Hokanson and Pooler, 2000) and sweet cherry (Canli and Tian, 2008). Regeneration through adventitious shoot formation was achieved in Feronia limonia using hypocotyls segments by Singhvi (1997). In vitro studies for Pecan improvement throughout the world are scanty. However, adventitious regeneration was reported in some members of the family Juglandaceae, e.g., Juglans nigra (Neuman et al., 1993) and Juglans regia (Chvojka and Reslova, 1987). This phenomenon may be of particular significance for extremely recalcitrant woody plant species such as Pecan also. Long et al., (1995) reported an unexpected observation that was the production of adventitious shoots from the cotyledonary explants of Juglans nigra, placed on WPM medium containing 2, 4-D and TDZ. Obeidy and Smith (1993) showed similar adventitious buds arising from callus cultures of mature Pecan (Carya illinoensis) embryonic tissues. Their shoots were regenerated from explants placed on MS medium with 25 Â µM TDZ. Later, in the experimental work of Neuman et al., (1993), no shoot organogenesis were recorded when immature cotyledonary explants were placed on WPM medium containing 2, 4-D and TDZ. However, Preece observed shoot organogenesis in Juglans nigra (unpublished data) from cotyledonary explants placed on WPM medium containing 2, 4-D and TDZ. Adventitious shoots were readily multiplied through axillary shoot proliferation. Biotechnology utilizing adventitious regeneration may also present a new opportunity for the improvement of woody plant species. 2.1.5 Novel Micropropagation Methods Previous tissue culture work involved micropropagation of cuttings obtained from seedlings or buds of trees grown under field conditions. The rooting of these shoots is slow or they may not be rooted as well. On the other hand, contamination was another major constraint encountered when these shoots are used for in vitro cultures. Shoots taken from outdoor usually have microbes in tiny cracks of bark, not removed through disinfestations causing in vitro contamination of cultures (Preece and Read, 2003). Therefore, some other relatively newer techniques have been developed that utilizes the parts of the plants (branch tips and/ or stem segments) during dormant season and force new growths in a greenhouse environment. These techniques, such as shoot forcing as well as forcing epicormic buds may provide a breakthrough in the micropropagation of woody plants as well as for herbaceous species. These forcing techniques also have the potential for commercial propagation of plants. Research has been conducted on shoot forcing for years but much focus was on shoot tip harvested from trees and shrubs during the dormant season (Read and Yang, 1991). For softwood shoot forcing, shoot tips of specific length (20-25 cm long) were cut, surface disinfested and placed in a solution containing 8- hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and different growth regulators (Yang and Read, 1992, 1993). On the other hand, large branches (40 cm long) excised from juvenile portions of the trees and shrubs can also be used to force softwood shoots on a greenhouse media (Harmer, 1988; Cameron and Sani, 1994, Henry and Preece, 1997a, b). No forcing solution is used in this technique. These forced softwood shoots can be rooted as stem cuttings (Henry and Preece, 1997a). Softwood shoots can also be utilized as explants source for in vitro studies and micropropagation (Preece, 2003). Clonal propagation is achieved by culturing nodal explants taken from in vitro seedlings or form field-grown adult trees. Hence, for in vitro establishment of softwood shoots, there is a need to obtain explants with minimum of contamination. Read and Yang, (1988, 1989) disinfested the shoot tips treating with a solution of 0.78 % NaOCl containing Tween-20. Shoot tips were forced by placing in a forcing solution containing BA and GA3. They reported that the use of GA3 favored bud break and consequently increases multiple shoot production under in vitro conditions. Read and Yang (1991) later, forced softwood shoots from privet (Ligustrum vulgaris) and arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum) and tested different growth regulators in forcing solution for rooting of softwood cuttings. They reported that IBA increased number of roots per cuttings for both plants while root length increased only in Privet. On the other hand, GA3 decreased number of roots per cutting as well as reduced root length. Similarly, in another study, Read and Yang (1992) reported the influence of pre-forcing treatment on bud break and shoot elongation of lilac, Privet and Vanhoutte spirea. Their results revealed that pre-forcing treatments increased the percent bud break by 20 % and shoots were elongated 3.0 mm greater as compared to control. However, pre-treatment effect differed with the plant species. In 1993, Yang and Read forced Vanhoutte spirea stems in forcing solution containing 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC), 2 % sucrose with different levels of BA and GA3 to observe their effects on in vitro cultures. They revealed that LS (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965) medium supplemented with 5 Â µM BAP or 5 Â µM BAP + 1 or 5 Â µM IAA was found to be superior for the shoot forcing in Vanhoutte spirea. BAP addition to forcing solution enhanced shoot proliferation while GA3 reduces shoot establishment in vitro. Large stem segments having epicormic (dormant, latent or suppressed) buds cut during the dormant season can also be forced by placing in a suitable glasshouse medium. Large numbers of epicormic buds are present on stems of several woody tree species. Softwood shoots developed from epicormic buds on large stem segments can be used as stem cuttings in nursery industry (Cameron and Sani, 1994; Henry and Preece, 1997b). Henry and Preece, (1997a) investigated the production of softwood shoots and their subsequent rooting from maple species. The percentage of softwood shoot production varied considerably within the species and clones of genus Acer. However, greater (59 %) number of softwood shoots was rooted in red maple as compare to either in sugar (15 %) or Japanese maple (26 %). Furthermore, Henry and Preece, (1997b) studied the influence of length and diameter of large stem segments on the production of softwood shoots from epicormic buds of selected species of genus Acer. They concluded that both stem length and diameter influenced the production of softwood shoots. Their study revealed that stem segments ranging from 30 40 cm long with 5.2 7.6 diameters were best for the softwood shoot production. Preece et al., (2002) developed a system for the production of softwood cuttings during the dormant season. It provides a longer growing season to force and root softwood segments in mid to late winter during the year of propagation for plant growth, hence, advantageous over traditional propagation methods. They suggested that intermittent mist provides the most effective forcing environment. Juvenility seems to be an important factor and it is easier to propagate plants in the juvenile growth stage than the adult phase. Similarly, microshoots originated from adult black walnut were hard to root than that of juvenile origin (Heile

Invisible Scar :: essays research papers

Sexual abuse plagues people of all shapes, sizes, ethnicity’s, and backgrounds. It can include anything from making a sexual reference, to someone feeling uncomfortable and even rape. In this project, we will break down the different types of sexual abuse and explain why they occur all over the world, every single day. First it is best to define the most violent kind of sexual abuse, which is rape. Rape is the forceful or non-forceful attempt or action of a sexual act done to a person, without their consent. Rape is a non-consensual penile penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth. Rape can also be described as sexual intercourse with a person, without their permission. Rape is accomplished by use of force by the assailant. Force can consist of many different things. It may refer to the use of verbal coercion, in order to coax the victim into sexual acts. It could also refer to actual physical restraint, in which the victim is restrained and unable to resist. Other examples of force are intimidation by verbal and physical threats, and in some cases, actual physical violence. These acts of force make it very difficult to a victim to resist sexual abuse such as rape. There are many myths that try to justify rape as a normal sexual act. One myth is that rape is actually just sex. In fact, rape is a life-threatening act of violence. The rapist is never expressing a love or sexual desire; instead a need to feel powerful and dominating in a sexual context, is displayed. Another myth or stereotype about rape, is that most rapes occur on the street, by strangers or by drunken or out of control men. The fact is that fifty percent of rapes occur in the home. About eighty percent of the adult women that are raped are done so by close family or friends, not by strangers. Rapists can be anyone, from doctors, teachers, and bosses, to a partner, a friend, or even a date. Sexual assault is one of the most serious and fastest growing crimes that face the world today. The National Victim Center reports that over seven hundred thousand women are raped or sexually assaulted annually. Sixty one percent of these rapes occur with women under the age of eighteen. Five percent of sexual assaults are inflicted upon males. Usually this statistic is not recognized and more often overlooked, because many people generalize that males are usually the abusers, and even if they weren’t, many males don’t even report their incidents. Invisible Scar :: essays research papers Sexual abuse plagues people of all shapes, sizes, ethnicity’s, and backgrounds. It can include anything from making a sexual reference, to someone feeling uncomfortable and even rape. In this project, we will break down the different types of sexual abuse and explain why they occur all over the world, every single day. First it is best to define the most violent kind of sexual abuse, which is rape. Rape is the forceful or non-forceful attempt or action of a sexual act done to a person, without their consent. Rape is a non-consensual penile penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth. Rape can also be described as sexual intercourse with a person, without their permission. Rape is accomplished by use of force by the assailant. Force can consist of many different things. It may refer to the use of verbal coercion, in order to coax the victim into sexual acts. It could also refer to actual physical restraint, in which the victim is restrained and unable to resist. Other examples of force are intimidation by verbal and physical threats, and in some cases, actual physical violence. These acts of force make it very difficult to a victim to resist sexual abuse such as rape. There are many myths that try to justify rape as a normal sexual act. One myth is that rape is actually just sex. In fact, rape is a life-threatening act of violence. The rapist is never expressing a love or sexual desire; instead a need to feel powerful and dominating in a sexual context, is displayed. Another myth or stereotype about rape, is that most rapes occur on the street, by strangers or by drunken or out of control men. The fact is that fifty percent of rapes occur in the home. About eighty percent of the adult women that are raped are done so by close family or friends, not by strangers. Rapists can be anyone, from doctors, teachers, and bosses, to a partner, a friend, or even a date. Sexual assault is one of the most serious and fastest growing crimes that face the world today. The National Victim Center reports that over seven hundred thousand women are raped or sexually assaulted annually. Sixty one percent of these rapes occur with women under the age of eighteen. Five percent of sexual assaults are inflicted upon males. Usually this statistic is not recognized and more often overlooked, because many people generalize that males are usually the abusers, and even if they weren’t, many males don’t even report their incidents.

Chocolate †a Health Food ? Essay

Is that heart – shaped box of chocolates bad for your heart,or could it do some good? Chocolate tastes so good, it just has to be sinful, right? Well, it may not be as bad as you think. In fact, believe it or not, chocolate could offer some health benefits. Nutrition experts at Ut Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas say that the cocoa bean, the primary ingredient in chocolate, is a good source of anti-oxidants, those beneficial compounds that help reduce the risk for cancer and heart disease. In that respect, chocolate is similar to red wine, grapes, tea, onions and apples. When it comes to the way chocolate affects your heart, the news is mixed. Studies have shown that the primary fat in chocolate has a neutral effect on total cholesterol levels and levels of LDL, the bad cholesterol. In other studies, chololate appears to increase triglyceride levels and decrease levels of HDL, the beneficial cholesterol. Remember that the good properties of chocolate are based on cocoa alone. Things change when it’s processed to turn it into candy. That’s when milk and sugar are added, increasing the fat and cholesterol content and diluting the antioxidant levels. Dark chocolate is lower in calories and higher in antioxidants than milk chocolate is. So what’s the bottom line? Should you indulge a little? Sure, says Lona Sandon, a UT Southwestern nutrition expert and registered dietitian. Even if there may or may not be health benefits, a little chocolate every so often may makeyou feel good. Just remember to eat it in moderation.

Free Essays on Chinas Battle On Overpopulation

CHINA’S OVERPOPULATION BATTLE China’s population policy, more commonly referred to as the One Child Policy, is one of the most controversial topics in the world, and the only one of its kind in history. It has been praised and criticized by many, and the world has yet to see what results it will have in the long run. The debatable one child policy of China has ultimately changed the views and stirred the emotions of many people on how to solve the population problem. The Chinese government has taken the enforcement of family planning and birthright laws to an extreme by violating the civil rights of its citizens, which has adversely affected the morale of its people. China implemented a one-child per family policy in 1979 in order to address the issue of unchecked population growth in a country with limited resources. While this policy was not enforced until 1979, population control actually began in the late fifties. This policy says all families are limited to one child unless that child is unable to work or dies. Only then are they allowed to have a second child without having to pay additional taxes on that child. Although China’s family planning efforts have dropped the population growth from 1970’s 33.43 percent per 1000 to 15.23 percent in 1999, abuse, forced abortions, and sterilization, and in some cases, even murder are the cause of what Chinese officials hail as a success. Many women have stated that they have been forced to have abortions due to declined applications for birth certificates. Some of these abortions are done just days before the mothers due date. There are also many women who tell of forced sterilization even after complying with the policy because they were accused of trying to hide their pregnancy. Destruction of property, including the destruction of entire homes, Are common among families who choose to disobey these laws. I am shocked and appalled at what I have read on the overpo... Free Essays on Chinas Battle On Overpopulation Free Essays on Chinas Battle On Overpopulation CHINA’S OVERPOPULATION BATTLE China’s population policy, more commonly referred to as the One Child Policy, is one of the most controversial topics in the world, and the only one of its kind in history. It has been praised and criticized by many, and the world has yet to see what results it will have in the long run. The debatable one child policy of China has ultimately changed the views and stirred the emotions of many people on how to solve the population problem. The Chinese government has taken the enforcement of family planning and birthright laws to an extreme by violating the civil rights of its citizens, which has adversely affected the morale of its people. China implemented a one-child per family policy in 1979 in order to address the issue of unchecked population growth in a country with limited resources. While this policy was not enforced until 1979, population control actually began in the late fifties. This policy says all families are limited to one child unless that child is unable to work or dies. Only then are they allowed to have a second child without having to pay additional taxes on that child. Although China’s family planning efforts have dropped the population growth from 1970’s 33.43 percent per 1000 to 15.23 percent in 1999, abuse, forced abortions, and sterilization, and in some cases, even murder are the cause of what Chinese officials hail as a success. Many women have stated that they have been forced to have abortions due to declined applications for birth certificates. Some of these abortions are done just days before the mothers due date. There are also many women who tell of forced sterilization even after complying with the policy because they were accused of trying to hide their pregnancy. Destruction of property, including the destruction of entire homes, Are common among families who choose to disobey these laws. I am shocked and appalled at what I have read on the overpo...

And The Home of the Greedy essays

And The Home of the Greedy essays ...And the Home of the Greedy As Matthew J. Bruccoli noted: An essential aspect of the American-ness and the historicity of The Great Gatsby is that it is about money. The Land of Opportunity promised the chance for financial success. (p. xi) The Great Gatsby is indeed about money, but it also explores its aftermath of greed. Fitzgerald detailed the corruption, deceit and illegality of life that soon pursued the dream. However, Fitzgerald entitles the reader to the freedom to decide whether or not the dream was ever free of corruption. Fitzgerald used several patterns to develop the theme surrounding the lost dream. One such pattern included the emergence corruption in relation to honesty. We first witness the symbolic aspects of this when we meet Jordan Baker. We learn through Nick that she is a golfer and he further indulges that at her first big golf tournament there was a row that nearly reached the newspapers-a suggestion that she had moved her ball from a bad lie in the semi-final round.(p. 62) Golf is universally known as the game a truth, a game in which the players record their own performances and are trusted. Through this example we can interpret that all honesty has been destroyed, and cheating is now abundant. Also, it is learned that Americas pastime, baseball, was also corrupted. Meyer Wolfshiem? Hes the man who fixed the Worlds Series back in 1919. (p. 78) This is significant because a game that was created in America, the land of the honest and the free where the dream first came alive has been tainted. This notion suggests that even the simplest of realities and recreations have long lost their innocence. Fitzgerald even implies that those who serve and protect us have also been corrupted. We learn that Tom has bribed the police. These same men who are known as the cities finest have also had their sincerity tarnished by the same gr...

Participative Management versus Authoritarian Management Essay

Participative Management versus Authoritarian Management - Essay Example Management style is characterised by the degree of empowerment of team members, his focusing either on people or tasks, etc. The correct and appropriate management style is able to yield very good results. Management style is in many aspects the product of individual personal traits of the manager; however this does not mean there are no other components influencing it. These components constitute subjective part of the management style, yet it always has a common objective basis. Objectively, whichever management style is chosen by the manager, this choice is determined by the goal, the team and the situation. A lot of management theories have been developed during the decades of studying the very phenomenon of managing people. Some of these theories singled out, among others, authoritative and participative management styles which were often contrasted to each other. For example, Likert’s System 4 theory of management named four broad management styles which were â€Å"forming a continuum, with autocratic, task-centered leadership at one end and democratic, participative, employee-centered at the other†. (Morris&Pavett 1992, 169) W. Schneider identified four types of orgnisational cultures (control, collaboration, competence, and cultivation) (cited from: Schulz, J.W., Hauck, L.C.& Hauck, R.M. 2001, 2), and each of them presupposes the prevalence of particular management style. Authoritative managers are characteristic for control cultures with their order, predictability and conservatism and participative managers often can be found in the companies with collaboration culture that treasure the quality of relationships and aim to build highly cohesive teams with hight participation in running the company. Forecasting a manager’s effectiveness is much more difficult than e.g. determining personal traits that are the most characteristic for the leaders. Situational factors were eventually taken into

Discuss the ethical issues in the Monsanto case Essay - 1

Discuss the ethical issues in the Monsanto case - Essay Example The company in the recent times has been involved in dictating on what the world consumes. The company has continued to generate many biotech crops. The company however has generated controversies in the world due to the issue of production of biotech crops that are produced and increasing the control of food supply by huge corporations. The company before getting involved in seed technology was involved in production of chemicals. Production of crops and new seeds through biotechnology by the company has predicted doubling of food production in the future meeting the food demand of the growing population. Food security will be maintained by the company. The company has also formed coalitions with other public researchers and charitable organization to focus on green revolution to allow conservation of the environment with production of more food and inventions to satisfy food need of the population. The organization has made itself to be in the leading dealing with advancement in global fight against hunger. Working with other organization in poor nations, the company helps to reach needy farmers. Moves that are made by the company is seen to be parallel to the commercial sales that are made by the organization. The organization upholds its principles by encouraging farmers that are in the poor nations and do not concentrate much in improving those in the wealthy nations. In the sales of the organization, sales of seeds and chemicals that are of high prices are done to countries that are wealthy (Forrestal, 2007). These products are sold to farmers in poor countries in low prices. The organization has been encouraged by the department of agriculture in the United States and the government to incorporate public institutions, foundations and academics to determine how the production can be improved to make food abundant globally. The company before getting involved in seed technology was involved in production

College Admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College Admission - Essay Example In addition to Spanish, I would also like to learn languages such as German, French, Italian, Japanese, and Arabic. The reason why I am so interested in furthering my education at the Saint Louis University-Madrid Campus is that I plan to become a fully-licensed nurse practitioner in the future. My hard work ethic will hopefully help me to achieve my career goals; I have been working since I was 14. Currently, I am studying in conjunction with working as a bartender for almost 60 hours per week. Aside from this, I help an autistic child in the mornings. The reason why I feel so compelled to do this is that I love to help people of all ages and backgrounds; I am considering joining the Peace Corps. My hobbies include hiking, caving, and exploring. I do not feel in awe of new challenges because I see them as exciting and a chance for me to prove myself. I work best under pressure because I get a thrill of being able to overcome any obstacles that fall my way. I consider that learning is a life-long process, and is one that should not be taken lightly. There is never a time in our lives where we can claim to know it all. I prefer to be humble and open to anything that may improve my understanding about the world. My experiences with other cultures can help me to better understand how other groups of people think and

Body armor Essay Example for Free

Body armor Essay Body armor and other protective equipment are vital components of with-in protection services because it shields the body from severe injury that may be associated with the nature of the job. Body armor and other protective equipment are generally designed to shelter the body from materials that come in with a particular velocity or force, such as bullets and knives. This man-made material is designed to prevent the entry that could result in the destruction of internal organs. The body armor prevents damage to the abdominal area of an individual, while the other protective equipment prevents injury to the extremities such as the arm and legs. When a material such as a bullet or a knife is introduced to a body with sheer force, the body armor prevents its entry yet the force still results in a form of shock to the body and this is technically called blunt trauma. There are two general types of body armor, namely soft and hard. Soft body armor is generally composed of one of two fibers, namely aramid and polyethylene that are configured in a particular weave. There are some brands that contain both types of fibers. Unfortunately, soft body armors can only protect an individual from the regular forces such as knives and bullets but are not sturdy enough to prevent bullets coming from machine guns. In this situation, hard body armors are employed for protection and these equipments are composed of plates made of ceramic material. Hard body armors are made of two plates that are positioned to cover the front and the back of an individual. Since ceramic plates are usually rigid, an individual may find this protective material heavy and movement may be restricted. DQ 2: The use of biological weapons has become an increased threat, and amplified since 911. What can we do to prepare for such an attack and or minimize the catastrophic aftermath? In order to be prepared for a possible terrorist attack that involves biological weapons, it is important that government agencies, especially those responsible for monitoring public health, to design contingency plans that would tackle incidents associated with the deliberate introduction of biological weapons to harm a specific population or even the general public. The contingency plan should also be a regular part of the health response system that also deals with pandemic outbreaks, large-scale accidents, as well as natural disasters. In 2002, the World Health Assembly of the United Nations adopted a technical support program that prepares each of the member states to prepare an action plan that would address any future catastrophes (WHO, 2004). For every city, it is important to create an initial response team that would take action whenever a terrorist attack occurs. This initial response team will determine the nature of the attack, on whether it is biological, industrial or bomb-based. The initial response team carries this exclusive responsibility because they are physically present in the city and it is very easy for them to go to the place that has been attacked in order to generate a first-hand account of the incident to higher authorities. Once the nature of the terrorist attack has been established, the initial response team will inform the state agency of the incident, which will in turn report to the national agency. This office will then report to the United Nations office for subsequent action, such as international assistance, in case that the country is incapable of dealing with the disaster, or if the attack is synchronized among several states, such as that depicted in September 11, 2001 in the United States. Biological attacks can also be minimized by vigilant screening of activities in every city and state around the country, including reporting any peculiar individuals that are spotted in strategic locations around the state. Reference World Health Organization. (2004). Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance, 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 92 4 154615 8. Downloaded from http://www. who. int/csr/delibepidemics/cover. pdf on June 17, 2009.

Outlines of a Value Typology Based on Decision Theorys Social Motives :: Philosophy

Values and their Collisions: Outlines of a Value Typology Based on Decision Theory's Social Motives ABSTRACT: Several years ago, I outlined a project to delineate ideological and scientific elements of our knowledge about values. I began by studying the typical configurations of values, their typical collisions, and some typical world-view-related standpoints as theoretical background. I now present the theoretical premises of my inquiry, the applied methods, and some of the results. I have tried to support the choice of variables used, make sensible the reliable limits of the findings, and underline some interconnections as well as some collisions between moral and/or ideological standpoints. Among values, and apart from the aesthetic (artistic) values, we can distinguish between ideological and moral ones. The ideological values (or social-political ones) concern and/or regulate the coexistence of larger groups of humans, while those considered moral ones are realized in the immediate interpersonal relationships. But there are weighty arguments suggesting their treatment in common or in parallel: (i) In the case of some systems of thought, the separation of moral values from the social political ones seems quite artificial (e.g. Aristotelian, Christian, utilitarian, liberal); (ii) Recent psychological research in the direction inaugurated by Piaget and Kohlberg supports the hypothesis that the lower phases of the moral development are constant across societies and ethic groups, while in the superior phases there is a culture-(respectively, society-) related differentiation. Higher level moral attitudes seem significantly related to the accepted political values (Kurt Bergling, 1981 (1) ). (2) (iii) In the case of many historical systems of thought (philosophies) the moral world-view is axiologically more elaborated than the political one. (The conceptions about the ontology of values, values' social functions and effects or values' acquirement are much more evident in the former.) Further, the moral inquiry is more nuanced in the elaboration of typologies and it is more concerned with the relations between cognitive sphere and values than the social-political thinking is. II I would distinguish 3 levels in approaching the moral phenomena: (i) Moral (of object-language) The level of valuations (good-wrong, just-unjust etc.) and norms, including laic knowledge about rewards and punishments, or about value legitimising and the metaphysical nature of good and evil. This can be considered the everyday moral conscience of the society, the object of anthropological, sociological, historical descriptions. (ii) Ethical (of meta-language) The level of categories introduced by ethics to study and to compare the specificities of moral systems, of the auto-reflection and self-defending argumentation of value hierarchies.